Oosterwijk, The effect of a cyclic uniaxial strain on urinary bladder cells. Baaijens, Biomechanics and mechanobiology in functional tissue engineering. Basu, Biomaterials Science and Tissue Engineering: Principles and Methods (Cambridge University Press, 2017)į. Basu, Biomaterials Science and Implantsī. Atala, Bladder regeneration by tissue engineering. Retik, Tissue-engineered autologous bladders for patients needing cystoplasty. Atala, Tissue engineering of human bladder. Retik, Reservoir calculi: a comparison of reservoirs constructed from stomach and other enteric segments. Retik, The effect of gastric augmentation on bladder function. McDougal, Metabolic complications of urinary intestinal diversion. Basu, Dynamically crosslinked polydimethylsiloxane-based polyurethanes with contact-killing antimicrobial properties as implantable alloplasts for urological reconstruction. Husmann, Mortality following augmentation cystoplasty: a transitional urologist’s viewpoint. Arner, Urinary bladder contraction and relaxation: physiology and pathophysiology. Drake, The integrative physiology of the bladder. Bolduc, Tissue engineering of urinary bladder and urethra: advances from bench to patients. The review closes with the authors’ perspective on relevant challenges associated with the clinical translation. It has been emphasized that 3D bioprinting with biomolecular hydrogel-functional bioink may be a possible solution to create tissue-engineered patient-specific grafts. Notably, since the bladder is under continuous dynamic loading and unloading conditions, it is highlighted that 3D bioprinted scaffolds should withstand the biomechanical forces experienced by the native urological tissues and mimic the viscoelastic property of the native bladder tissue. The translational strategies at achieving clinically desired properties and an overview of biomechanical characteristics of urological biomaterials are discussed here. This review critically examines the in vitro and in vivo outcomes of natural, artificial, and hybrid scaffolds. The primary objective of this review is to critically analyze 3D bioprinting-based tissue engineering approaches for urinary bladder and urethra reconstruction. In the last few decades, tissue engineering evolved as an exciting multidisciplinary field of research.
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